Symptoms And Signs Of Eating Disorders - 1133 Words

People who suffer from an eating disorder are sometimes or to be fair always get the attention of media. That’s simply because such diseases are hard or difficult to be treated and they get to be a big point of interest and they receive the research attention. So what are eating disorders? And what are the symptoms and signs of an eating disorder? Well, an eating disorder is a definite disturbance of eating habits or weight-control behavior and it’s not a secondary due to any disorder. Over the past decades studies showed that eating disorders are frequent in women than men. Moreover, an eating disorder could result in a psychological, mental, and physical dysfunctions and disabilities. Just like diabetes, eating disorders are classified†¦show more content†¦Treatments vary from case to case but generally physiotherapy, counseling, and medications can be used to treat eating disorders. Such diseases are difficult to deal with because patients mostly refuse to interact with the therapy or the given medication due to their uncontrollable behavior. The first type of eating disorders is the anorexia nervosa. In anorexia nervosa there is an active maintenance of an unduly low body weight- body mass index. The first cases for anorexia were in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries and in that period of time this disorder was rare but in the twentieth century anorexia started to appear (1). Anorexia affects women more than men. Several studies showed that it affects 0.5% of women and 0.1% of men. Anorexia is mostly found in in western societies. Anorexia can be divided into two types, the first one that is the restriction type: weight loss is achieved by restricting calories. And the other type, which is the purging type: when vomiting or using laxatives and diuretics achieve weight loss. People who are anorexic mostly have an immoderate health restriction, obsession and anxiety about body image and weight; they punish themselves by eating very small portions of food portions of food and over exercising. There are many signs and symp toms that can be deducted to recognize anorexia in a person such as: refusal to

The Democrat Platform Committee Of Orlando Florida...

During the Start of the Democrat platform committee in Orlando Florida doubletree hotel, Dann Malloy started by by running the national convention platform meeting. The committee went through 150 amendments were some were in the process of being withdraw. However, many have either already been debated or passed. The committee still have 80 amendments to process. Some that were still left included the affordable education, climate change, and clean energy to benefit the economy. Dan Molly gave remainder that the committee was there to bring American together to combat barriers. He Stated how everyone had valuable insight in what should be in the plat form. And how everyone should listen as much as they talk and talk as much as the listen. The fist person to speak was Edwin Lee the mayor of san Francisco he spoke about how we need to prepare are children for a future that is strong not hopeless. He spoke about how education policies support teacher and student preparing student for t he 20 fist century. He believes in having children succeeded no matter what their zip code is. The conversation the moved to amendment 75 which was withdrawn. Amendment 170 was then brought up by Randy White who proposed to add the following â€Å"Every student should be able to go to college debt-free and working families should not have to pay any tuition to go to public colleges in university† A Sponsor speaker then Provide a unity amendment that higher education should be view at a highest

Students of Science Disciplines are More Meritorious than Others Free Essays

Students of science disciplines are more meritorious than others Science is the subject where talent, handwork and knowledge of high level is required. Every modern technology, all new innovations are mainly due to science. So science is a very long brunch of studies. We will write a custom essay sample on Students of Science Disciplines are More Meritorious than Others or any similar topic only for you Order Now Science requires lots of efforts and hard work. Science students have to give not only efforts and hard work, science student have to be talented with a huge reserve of knowledge. While others subjects besides science usually do not require that much meritorious student. So usually meritorious students choose science and science students are more meritorious it can be said in a glance. I completely agree with the fact that science students are more a meritorious The first reason is that usually mostly everywhere in all educational institutes in order to get science high percentage is required in their results. To get science students have to be especially skilled in mathematics, chemistry, biology and other science subjects. These subjects usually do not work by memorizing. Thinking skills and knowledge are highly required. A student who doesn’t have the capability of using and utilizing their knowledge will never be able to do well in science subjects. Science includes complicated subjects in which only meritorious students achieve good results in it. Subjects other than science, that is arts, commerce, economics, law, literature, history, geography etc are subjects where merit like science is not required. In these subjects if a student can study day and night, work hard and memorize the lessons, they can easily do well in their results. Hard work is required by merit of high level is not mandatory to do well. Science students have to do lots of practical, lab works, and many other science related tasks. These tasks made them develop knowledge no how things actually works in the real world. Due to science our surroundings are full of modern and sophisticated materials and equipment. Passion of getting deep inside how modern world is running due to technology makes a student passionate about science and they try to prepare themselves from the very beginning of their life. Even if a student is not much talented and meritorious they also try to develop them by studying and practicing more and more to develop their knowledge and become capable of taking science. Not in every case all meritorious students take science. There are many meritorious students who study subjects other than science too. The reason behind this can be due to their passion towards other subjects or they don’t find science interesting. Another reason might also be applicable that since science is a very difficult subject students firstly think that they may not able to give that much effort as required in science and they take choose other subject. However they fail to recognize their merit and use it other way in other subjects rather than science, unaware that they are reserving their merit and not using it whereas if they used that merit studying science they could have built up a better future or career for them. They may don’t know but their merit might lead to some new innovations and so on if they have taken science. All in all, with all my reasons stated above I strongly believe that science students are more meritorious than other. Only meritorious students get the ability to take science due to their extraordinary meritorious quality and they have always proved it. Without them we may not be able get a modern sophisticated present world and life. We should be thankful to them and all meritorious students should not waste their merit in places other than science. Contributions of their merit can benefit them and may also benefit the whole world. How to cite Students of Science Disciplines are More Meritorious than Others, Essays

Domestication Of The Dog Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Domestication Of The Dog Essay, Research Paper Today? s Canis familiariss serve as a figure of different tools. We train Canis familiariss to see for the blind, we train them to whiff for drugs, we train them to salvage people? s lives, and we train them to be our faithful comrades. There is no uncertainty that the Canis familiaris has a broad assortment of accomplishments and occupations. We selectively breed the Canis familiaris to derive the certain attributes we are seeking, and we know which Canis familiariss will execute the best at what we want them to make. The inquiry is how long ago, and why did the Canis familiaris go our AIDSs, tools, and comrades? Answering this inquiry means covering with the four Fieldss of Anthropology: Ethnologically, Archaeologically, Physically, and Linguistically. The most obvious manner to larn about the yesteryear of the Canis familiaris species, is to handle it the same manner we treat ancient societies. Archeologists study where they one time were, look at their remains. Where they lived, what they looked like, and how they changed over clip. An illustration of utilizing the Archaeological field of Anthropology would be the digging of the Roman metropolis, Pompeii, which was destroyed by the vent Vesuvius in AD 79. When eventually excavated, seekers found the remains of a Canis familiaris lying across a kid, seemingly seeking to protect him. By looking at this single skeleton, we can gauge that merely 1900 old ages ago, the dwellers knew of the Canis familiaris? s desire to protect. They likely counted on Canis familiariss likewise to the manner we do today. Other archeological digs have suggested that the relationship between Canis familiariss and worlds day of the months to about 14,000 old ages ago. Most experts do hold the Canis familiaris was the first domesticated animate being, was domesticated about 14 to 15,000 old ages ago. The earliest castanetss of Canis familiariss tha t we have recovered come from a site called ein Mallaha in Israel. This site was discovered in 1979 and the castanetss day of the month back to 12,000 old ages old but historians believe the Canis familiaris had been domesticated even a few thousand old ages before that. Another field of Anthropology is the Ethnological facet of the scientific discipline. From looking back at the ancient civilisation? s imposts and beliefs, we can see relationships between their narratives and how they lived. This besides ties into the lingual field of Anthropology, where the civilization is passed on to the kids through narratives and myths. An illustration of this would be the undermentioned: historiographers have studied the Roman myths and fables that were popular in ancient Rome, and they agree that the Ancient Romans relied to a great extent on watchdogs for protection. The Romans seemingly derived this tradition from the fable that a Canis familiaris guarded the gate to hell. Therefore, they used Canis familiariss to protect what was beloved to them, places, valuables, and households. Romans besides used Canis familiariss for military intents, some as attack Canis familiariss, and some as couriers. They equipped their Mastiffs with light armour and sent them i nto conflict against the enemy, transporting spikes and caldrons of flaring sulfur ( Whitehead 242 ) . These Canis familiariss were evidently indispensable to the antediluvian Roman? s lives. The last field of Anthropology that has non been discussed is the physical field. By looking at a apogee O f the dodos we have, it non merely adds to a holistic attack to the job, but it besides gives us a longitudinal survey of a really old inquiry. Alternatively of garnering the information over multiple visits, which would be impossible, we can acquire the same information we need by looking at the same object, at different points of history. To make this, we look at fossilised remains that we are able to day of the month. By making this, we can track the alterations we notice. For illustration, it is rather obvious ; that the first domesticated Canis familiariss were non every bit diverse as the Canis familiariss we have today. There were merely a few sorts of Canis familiariss. Fossil remains of the early Bronze Age, 6500 old ages ago ; do it possible to place 5 major groups of early Canis familiariss. As the dodos get younger and younger, we notice a growth of the species. Dogs are evidently blending and making new strains. The broad diverseness in strains that we witness today come s from selective genteelness every bit good as natural familial mutants in the five groups. Physical Anthropology even explores this last point. These natural familial mutants are doing some dissention in the professional field. A recent survey, led by life scientist Robert K. Wayne of UCLA, suggests that eyetooths may hold been domesticated 100,000 or more old ages ago, merely 30,000 old ages after the first marks of modern worlds. These familial mutants serve as a harmless? familial clock? that indicate the transition of clip in the development of the wolf to the Canis familiaris. This same method has been used to demo that worlds diverged from a common ascendant in North Africa and to demo when Asians foremost entered North America and established Native American populations. Although this thought seems quite rational, most historiographers will non accept this as fact. The dodos seem to be a much more widely accepted position. Peoples will ever accept something they can physical ly see, instead than theorems and appraisals. So, as one can see, by utilizing these four Fieldss at the same time, in a holistic method, Anthropologists can paint a really convincing portrayal of a inquiry that seems impossible to reply unless person was at that place to witness it. Often, these replies can work out really of import inquiries that provide accounts to why we live the manner we do today. Although it is non imperative that we know when and why the wolf became the Canis familiaris we know today, it is interesting to analyze the people who helped give us what we know now as adult male? s best comrade and protection. If Anthropology can work out this Anthropological job, it is exciting to believe what else we can larn about another group of people or clip period, without even being present! ? Whitehead, Sarah. Dog, The Complete Guide. London: Team Media, Ltd.,1999 ? Friend, Tim? Dog domestication day of the months to early man. ? USA Today, 10/23/97. [ hypertext transfer protocol: // www.usatoday.com/life/science/ancient/lsa023.htm ] ( 2 October 2000 ) ? Dansie, Amy? Man # 8217 ; s Oldest Best Friends: Ancient Dogs in Nevada. ? Nevada State Museum Newsletter, May/June 1999. [ hypertext transfer protocol: //dogs.about.com/pets/dogs/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm? site=http % 3A % 2F % 2Fdmla.clan.lib.nv.us % 2Fdocs % 2Fdmla % 2Fnewsletters % 2Fmus-let07.htm % 2311 ] ( 2 October 2000 )

Journey To America Essays (668 words) - Bible, Sonia Levitin

Journey To America The Book Journey to America written by Sonia Levitin, is the one of the greatest books that was ever published. The book showed the how a family could survive in tough times, and yet survive to live great. The book is well written, well thought of and well done. The book is great to read and great to tell about, that why you're hearing it right now. Now listen now and think about reading it later? The book started in Germany where the Platt family was living and staring their quest out of the hellhole. During the starting it explains that the family tried to live in Brazil but didn't succeed so they returned back to Germany. About after that is where the book starts, and the family decides that the location is America and their new home. First their father ? papa? leaves to America and advises that he will send for them. After about 4 days they receive a letter that he is ok. Then about after 2 weeks, he sends a letter that he got a job as a janitor, and tells them that the next letter is to leave Germany. Then after a week and a half, he sends instructions on their way to Zurich. Then the family leaves leaving their family behind. They get there and get the room where Papa said to stay, and there were a letter that explained how to get to America. Also telling them that a letter will come to go to the next point of the plan. Then they head to France, then Catch a boat and rea ch America where their father is waiting. The book was ravishing with important events, but there were 3. It was when their Papa leaves, when they leave Germany, and when they get to America. Though the ending was so predictable, it was that they get to America, and they finally see their father. The Main Character Lisa was changed a little bit because that she left her home and family/friends. Basically she left everything, and the reason was just to survive. Other people and other events changed the main character by Ruth telling her not to be honest just not to leave the camp to survive longer. Also by Mama teaching them that they have tot live poor but live. Lisa, during these times had to completely change. Lisa's traits are Caring, Loving, truthful, and strong (mentally). The Book had a unique place and time which was Germany during World War 1 because they were in Hitler's wrath. The setting of the Book made the book more exciting by the Nazis hating the Jews, and making life for the Jews extremely harsh. The setting made the Platt's flee Germany, and go to America where life would be more applicable. I think that the setting had a perfect role in the story because it was a survival book, where the family left to survive. I believe when Sonia Levitin wrote this book she intended that the theme of the book was survival. Survival was the theme of the book because it focussed on how the Platt's left Germany just to survive. The time was World War 1 and Jews were hated and the Platt's were Jews so the let to the land of the free. The book showed the reader how it was like to be a Jew in that time and place. I believe it must have been horrible for them how they had to leave everything, and start over. Other themes expressed by the Author was kindness and courage because they're were people that total didn't know them yet helped them, also how the Platt's started over. This is the good part in which you're done hearing about the book so you know now that it's a good book. Now you either have 2 choices either I keep on talking or you go and read the book. Read the book its good for you. Happy Reading! Book Reports

The Magic Barrel essays

The Magic Barrel essays He found his characters in real Jewish community. That is why the tone and style of "The Magic Barrel" are so unmistakable and truthful. Through two main characters author involves us in a specific business going on between Leo Finkle, a lonely rabbinical student, and Pinye Salzman, a matchmaker. In order to get a good congregation Leo supposed to be married. How a man, who was studying for six years and who never was in a company of woman, easily can find a wife? The same way as his parents did. He went to the matchmaker. It was not so easy for Leo to appeal to Salzman, because he hoped to find the wife by himself. He wanted to be in love before he gets married. But he resorted to help. It was a firs time when he turned his mind over. Pine Salzman, the marriage broker, represented the old generation, and respected the old Jewish tradition. Marriage is a very important part of a Jew's life, and the family is more important than the girl herself is. He does not think about love. It is possible to imagine how Leo was disappointed when Salzmen introduced the girls to him. "Sophie P. Widow. Father promises eight thousand dollars. Has wonderful wholesale business. Also realestate." "Lily H. Regular. Father is successful dentist thirty-five years. Interested in professional man. Wonderful opportunity." Moreover, "She is a partikiler. She wants the best." Leo's interest to Lily was aroused, and he began seriously to consider calling on her. Finally they met. She provoked him to say the strange, but a very capacious and valuable phrase: "I think, that I came to God not because I loved Him, but because I did not." But Lily didn't dream about him, she dreamed about an invented hero. After this date he turned his mind over again. He felt that he could not love a girl. Although Leo returned to his regular routine, he was in panic and depression from one thought: nobody loves him and he does not love anybody either. There was no br ...

HRM Pharmaco case study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

HRM Pharmaco case study - Assignment Example "Human issues arising from the restructuring of multinational corporations are being delegated to HR for studay and implementation" (Fitz-Enz, 2002, 4). Therefore, human resource management should be prepared to deal with such challenges. Unfortunately, empirically, it has been a common practice to cut the human resources department first to save money and resources when a company is experiencing difficulty. "And when companies were downsizing and restructuring, human resource capabilities were the first thing cut" (Losey et all, 2005, 13). Such poor leadership decisions are not forward thinking and result in an understaffed HR department that is not prepared to lead the company's restructuring. In the case of Pharmaco, inefficient human resource decisions couple with poor communication between employees hindered development. Evaluation of the management style of Pharmaco yields information about the company's core values and beliefs. The purpose of the case study was to "appreciate the range of employees and types of job that exist within pharmaceutical companies" (Sewell and Scarbrough, 2002, 182) Pharmaco is a British company, which is important to note because the "pharmaceutical industry is often highlighted as one of the few examples of British manufacturing success in high value added markets" (Sewell and Scarbrough, 2002, 115). ... Like other industries dependent upon science, pharmaceutical companies need to constantly retrain and innovate in order to achieve and continue to enjoy market competitiveness (Sewell and Scarbrough, 2002, 43). This distinguishes such businesses from other more traditional companies and creates intriguing dilemmas for human resource management. Retention of employees is key as confidentiality is a premium for the field. Temporary workers require human resource analysts to design specific policy and compensation procedure that may differ from that of permanent workers. This inherently creates uncertainty which may be compounded by ineffective implementation or the perception of favourable treatment of one group over another. The first issue to be examined is why these individuals choose to become temporary workers so that their attitudes and effectiveness may be gauged. As David Cenzo and Stephen Robbins (2005) note: If temporaries are employed solely as a cost-cutting measure, the pay and benefits offered to contingent workers might differ from those offered to other workers hired part-time as a result of restructuring HRM, then, must discover specifically what these employees want. Is it flexibility in scheduling, autonomy, or the control over one's career destiny that such situations afford that attracts them Or is it just bad luck, and they are forced into this situation (19) Conflict between temporary and permanent workers must be anticipated by human resource management. If the new workers are given more pay or significant schedule flexibility this can cause concern and anger, resulting in a loss of productivity or even employees choosing to quit. A lesson can be learned from studying the massive

The Legal Environment of Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

The Legal Environment of Business - Essay Example The city had great moral values and therefore (2) this was the question asked by the general public to the Democratic Mayor of the city, Deedee Corradini, as to how the city of moral values ended up with such criticism. All the dreams of the people of the city had been washed off. This was due to the biggest bribery scandal that had taken place in the history and this crime had been committed by the officials of the city. It was thought that the 2002 Winter Olympics which was awarded to Salt Lake four years from then would bring into the town business of $ 2.8 billion. This was enough reason to influence the process of the selection of site it could not be resisted by the Salt Lake Organizing Committee (SLOC). When the scandal broke in January, it was found that out of the 114 IOC members, SLOC had bribed 13 of them with $393,000 mostly in the form of stipends and scholarships to family members. Then by the end of the month the figure had taken a toll to $800,000 of real cash bribes. Then again by early February, the toll had again risen to $1.3 million and for 24 members which was almost 1/5 of the IOC. The IOC had then said (3) that it would change the method of selection of the host cities and there was resignation given by four of its members. Two of the top SLOC officials were - Vice President David Johnson and CEO and President Frank Joklik -were forced to resign and the committee underwent a comprehensive restructuring. There were also the allegations of criminal nature and for this reason, criminal investigations were ordered including investigations by the U.S. Department of Justice and the U.S. Internal Revenue Studies. The companies like- Coca Cola, McDonald's, IBM, Visa, Eastman Kodak and United Parcel Service, being long time corporate sponsors of the Olympic Games threatened to take back their support.It had also been found that there were several middlemen (4) who had gained much profit as brokers by selling the votes of IOC members from Africa a nd Middle East who had the least chance of winning the sites in their own areas. In the present circumstance, the situation of Bigtown seems very similar to that of the Salt Lake case. In the Bigtown case, the mayor has been voted on his assuring the people that he will change everything in the City and make it a place to be seen and to see. But all these words have somewhat disappeared with the time. He is very much disturbed by the way things are going and wants to offer contracts for city work in exchange for convention business. This may not be called bribery but can be classified as lobbying. Moreover this is against law and is unethical. Being a mayor of the city, he should try to solve all the problems through his departments rather than giving off the city's works to the general public through contracts. The specific issues that link the Bigtow

Reference Letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reference Letter - Essay Example skills, that she is able to work under pressure, she is able to work independently, she is a team member, and she has good communication skills to work with her colleagues and with the customers. She demonstrated that she is able to solve problems that may arise with the customers to obtain positive results and customer satisfaction. Her duties involved but not limited to: filing, entering data in our database, and assisted other officers in carrying out departmental duties. She was always eager to assist others in their tasks and made suggestions when difficulties arose. She has not only an interest in learning in the accounting field but she is also eager to help as a volunteer. She demonstrated as an Intern in our company that she is capable of fulfilling her tasks in a graceful manner. Her desires to continuously learn are good assets which are part of her personality, to be able to continue her studies as a graduate student in Accounting at your university. I wholeheartedly recommend Ms. _______ (complete name) to continue her graduate degree at the University of Toronto as she will be an asset to your institution and an asset to the accounting field. Should you have any questions concerning Ms. ________ (complete name) please feel free to contact me at your earliest convenience I will be happy to answer any questions. I hope that Ms. ________ (last name) gives me the good news that she will be attending the University of Toronto as a graduate accounting

Impact Of Globalisation On The Nation State Politics Essay

Impact Of Globalisation On The Nation State Politics Essay The term globalization has been a contentious topic in the field of social sciences and disciplines alike in recent years. The expansive pattern of globalization makes a holistic definition of the concept difficult. Interestingly, in spite of the vast nature of the concept, there is a tendency to homogenize its meaning. Some commentators posit that globalization depicts a polyvalent, promiscuous, controversial word that often obscures more than it reveals (Jessop 2002, p.113), and that globalization remains the most over used and under specified term in the international policy domain since the passing of the Cold War (Higgot 1999, p.1). Indeed the inclination to generate a broad and homogeneous meaning to the concept of globalization may be as a result of the open nature of the concept itself, which makes it quite complex to conceive. However, a key theme in the globalization discourse today is the extent to which the process has led to the weakening and/or strengthening of the nation state. Some scholars have argue that the nation state is central in driving the process of globalization (skeptics), while others contend that the increase in transnational networks has weakened the nation state (Globalist). This paper does not intend to take side with any of these assertions; rather it seeks to analyze the various impacts that the process of globalization has had on the nation state in interacting with global networks and institutions. To achieve this, the first part of this essay looks at the concept of globalization vis a vis the evolution of the nation state within Europe from pre-modern era. This will bring to fore certain phenomenal changes in the contemporary global political economy of state which has lead to the changing role of the nation state in recent years. Using four key factors as my reference point, the second part delves into the impact globalization has had on the nation state under the following parameters The global capital, global environment, global citizenship as well as post-nuclear politic. This will help to suggest the varying consequence of globalism over nationalism In the final analysis, I find the structure for potential globalism evident, thus conclude that indeed the expansion of global network have transformed the function of nation states in today`s global polity, rather than erode the autonomy and sovereignty of nation states. Conceptualising Globalisation: Globalisation presupposes an ongoing process which applies to a broad spectrum of activities ranging from economic actions to the sphere of politics, law, and culture. It is defined as the deepening and expansion of socio-cultural and socio-political ties beyond national frontiers aided by a strong and complex technological breakthrough (Holm Sorensen 1995, p.1). The empirical revelation of economic interdependence however, finds a place in the globalization thesis when Scholte stressed that the growth in global flow of capital through foreign direct investments, the spread of transnational co-operation, foreign exchange transfers, and the establishment of export processing zones, has enmeshed the global economy into an integrated market arena. (2000, p.86). Unarguably the global political economy from the twentieth century has witnessed extensive integration of national economies particularly through cross-border investment and trade, however these interconnectedness tend to shape the policy of state actors via engagements with global institutions without recourse to place and time. Although while the economic logic of globalizations may have shifted to the consciousness of a borderless world (Ohmae 1990, p .172), it is worth noting that the interplay is not universally applicable as some state borders seem demarcated from contemporary global integration( some countries in the south). Thus these states adopt isolationist policies in the excuse that their domestic economic posture is not viable enough to interconnect with external forces. Therefore not all social relations have reached the stage of global civilization; while some nation states assume that international political power outflank its role (Taylor 1996, p. 11), others believe that global politics runs over state-centric political network into a more spatial extensive framework in contemporary times. The Nation State Evolution: During the Middle age epoch in Europe, political authority was distributed between individuals and religious institutions (Axtmann 2004, p.259). The exercise of authority was managed by wealthy merchants, royal families and religious heads in almost all matters during pre-modernization. Although the influence of religious institutions in exercising its authority witnessed a decline in the 16th century through the 18th century, Monarchs became increasingly powerful as a result of certain structural changes in Europe caused by the industrial revolution (Sorensen 2004, p.10). However the king in collaboration with a strong military presence at the time introduced taxes and used states apparatus to legitimize their actions. State managed infrastructure established for credit and monetary concerns were used to sustain the status quo by maintaining legitimacy and guaranteeing trade (Sorensen 2004, p. 10). This system carved out a central authority arrangement upon which the monarchs and the citizens related, giving rise to an administrative framework that metamorphosed in the emergence to the early form of the modern nation state creation. As a follow up, the signing of the Westphalia treaty in 1648 legitimized state structure as a sovereign entity. The principle of sovereignty was premised on the supremacy of the nation state over its subjects, territorial integrity and natural resources. Fundamentally, it is instructive to point out that prior to the Westphalia treaty being entrenched, more than two hundred European entities engaged in dialogues (Sorensen 2004, p.10). The consequence of those negotiations saw Europe having only about fifty states currently. This represents the highest form of fragmentation which passed through series of conflict processes especially during the 1900 to 2000, spanning across various wars with the death toll of over 115 million people (Tilly 1992, p. 6 7). Hence, the process of consolidating states into a transformed entity often navigates through a gradual stage of fierce engagements. This slow but effective transformatory stage is the standard, for launching into the international society; therefore the prevailing global society of states is a product of thorough creation following long standing interest articulation and trade-offs. One characteristic of modern state formation, is the severe decline of internal conflict and civil unrest and the prevalence of the rights of nations and human with the threats to violent conflict almost non-existent (Sorensen 2004, p.11). The presence of these attributes will guarantee the legitimate use of force, based on laid down principles and this will shape the relationship between the state and its citizen. Also since the authority which was once distributed amongst varying actors is centrally managed in a modern nation state, it naturally translates the allegiance of citizens towards to state in a manner that tends to create a sense of community from their history. This sequential establishment of the modern nations state is crucial to understanding the transformations that prepared states towards opening up to the global space. Just after the emergence of the modern nation states, technological and economic advancement tolerated dramatic development to occur within states and they became keen to protect their own interest in relation to others. In the present day, advancement in almost all spheres of interaction has opened up the distribution and consumption of hitherto domestic goods to become global products. What this implies is that globalization now plays a dominant role in the relation of the society of states such that economic activities either within or outside the state is done without emphasis on location. Although the economic relation of states are more often between states, the production of goods and services still remain territorially defined, thus the need to often comprehend international trade through state relations. Examining the effects of globalization on the nation state Global Capital: The enthusiasts of capital mobility, in the wake of advancement in information technology have identified the transformation of capital to be more global than national. They argue that in a formal geographical sense, the ownership of capital has shifted from the territorially bounded entity into an extensive global community (Mann 1977, p 479). Prior to the 1980`s capital mobility was at the purview national government through bond issuance to manage trade deficit/surplus for healthy competition. However the dismantling of state regulations to evolve a loose global market was in tandem with European consciousness to liberalize. Today, the speedy nature of the foreign exchange electronic market, likely explains the scale of contemporary global financial flow. The foreign exchange market accounted for tremendous growth from $1 billion in the middle of 1970s to over $1.2 trillion by 1990, surpassing the global trade ratio of 60:1(Cohn 2000, p.10). Also international bank lending have sky rocketed from a minor level in the 1960`s to over 20 billion annually in the 70`s and a steady growth of 10 times that level in 1990`s. In comparism to the state centric standard of control, contemporary financial capital has become intensively mobile that it no longer yields to the actions of determined governments as thought by many (Ohmae 1990, p.158). It is even more fascinating that the foreign exchange market has attracted almost any body without formal training, and this has become a speculators heaven due to its high yield opportunities it provides. An attempt by regulators to manage the foreign exchange deficits has been unsuccessful since capital gain from the foreign exchange market remains un-tax. Rees-Mogg and Davidson best describe the deregulation in global capital mobility when they stated that the Internet will make avoiding taxes so easy and risk-less that sovereignty will inevitably shift to the individual, leaving the nation-state to die of fiscal starvation (1997, P.159). This clearly shows the extent to which huge capital can literally travel miles across national borders with just a push on a k ey board button. On the other hand however, its been argued that even though capital movements have become largely trans-national the shares and currencies traded are usually pegged to national stock markets principles (Wade 1996). The sceptics response to the flow of capital either through trade or investment is that the institutional origin in which capital flow thrives is largely nationally based. Therefore the role of multi-national co-operations in spreading foreign direct investment around the world does not necessarily make them stateless. For instance the cost of establishing an electronics industry requires hi-tech manufacturing skilled labour, hence to ensure effective production cost, an FDI initiative will allows for the recruitment of local citizens and the avoidance of tariff barriers. This will result in the Manufacturing Company retaining a large proportion of local origin and blend to local conditions as against the claim that MNC`s are placeless. Fundamentally, the wave of globalization has transformed national economies from subsistent production to a global production apparatus. This means that the world of states is adjusting to the irreversible dynamics of globalization, as societies are becoming more competitive and coalescing to create an international system of interdependence. However this trend is not necessarily even or universal, the indications of globalization on the nation state has varying consequences. While a genuine single market is evident in Europe, North America and East Asia, the same cannot be said of Sahara Africa or the Balkans. Yet most literature more often generalizes nation state experience in its interaction with the global network. Global Environment: Human environment is full of overwhelming potential hazards. This risk is attributable to a number of factors, not exclusive to global capitalism. The environmental pressure of coping with economic production has indeed deeply affected the atmosphere and climate of the world. Dealing with this destruction will require nation state to take necessary steps in protecting their immediate environment. Europe, America and recently Singapore have sponsored the cleaning up of their environment. Nevertheless the need to respond to this challenge in contemporary global space demands both the rich and poor nations to share the burden. Richard Falk argues that the danger of ozone depletion requires the involvement of the optimist and pessimist alike (1999, p.28). This means that the current global era shifts the responsibility of solving the ecological damage from immediate domestic actor to a compliant network of actors which could be voluntary or through agreements. It is perhaps correct to say that responses to environmental challenges can be seen in duality, private firms now use slogans like Think globally, act locally to create an open concern towards the decay of the environment. The green peace initiative is in the forefront of disseminating the rejection of scientific exploitation of nature on energy grounds clean. In doing so its uses its western connection to influence the energy policy of national government across the globe, this is also similar to what the global civil society (GIS) does. Through an awareness campaign, the (GCS) cajole national governments into subscribing to the international code of conduct on environmental practices. On the other hand however, while it is imperative to `think globally and act locally` as some environmental activist advocate, the assumption that all environmental problems require global concern is quite misleading. For instance environmental concern arising from human activity on the soil such as deforestation and watershed failure are certainly dealt with at local level. In spite of emergencies and spread of international networks on environmental problem, the compliance of various nation states is important for positive result. Therefore Michael Mann affirms that the policy makers in transnational agencies are also representatives of their various nation state, therefore `soft geopolitics` remains a viable tool for effective policy implementation (1997,p.490). Moreover the skeptic view finds actuality in the history of international co-operations on global environment, as there are several examples of negotiations failing due to either structural imbalance of the North/South, or because states do not find such engagements helpful to their economic and political concerns. The Copenhagen summit failed due to this kind of suspicion. The weakness of the UN climate convention document as not reflecting the concerns of poor developing countries on the limit of emission reduction, created the deadlock negotiations at Copenhagen. Notwithstanding, one thing the Copenhagen summit would have achieved today is the fact that national governments are now well informed of the reality of climate change, therefore legislations from various national governments now seeks to address climate change within their own internal agencies. Global Citizenship: The current age of information technology has made the monopoly of information by nation states difficult. Across geographical boundaries peoples access to information on global development creates the opportunity for them to have varieties of preferences on products and life styles. Gone are the days when the flow of information was managed by government to suit their policy interest, currently people`s free access to information have made them cosmopolitan in their character (Ohmae 1990, p.19). The swiftness of information travel from the internet and cable network in an increasingly globalised world provides a background for understanding the changing role of the state with regards to citizenship. Richard Falk has described citizenship as a shifting set of relationship and attitude without any necessary territorial delimitation (Brecher 1993, p.39). The dynamics of economic, cultural and ecological transformation offered by globalization is responsible for this shift. Therefore human experience in contemporary global era makes global citizenship irreversible as it is impossible to territorially manage the relations of people. As stated in Ohmae`s borderless world, The Japanese have become global citizens through perpetual travel abroad. This he claims would not have been possible in the past if not for the flow of information around the world. (1990, p.19). Conversely, the global citizenship phenomenon has been challenge by skeptic who holds to the view that nationalism remains a powerful devise to the primary identity which gives people the rights and privileges they enjoy within a given boundary. They argue (Skeptics) that the legitimate role of citizen has been offered by the foundation of political democracy through constitutional framework which allows for periodic elections and the assurance of rights. However the generalization of global citizenship may have been overstated. The evidences are more conspicuous in Europe where the mentality towards market, politics and security has been largely de-territorialized. By contrast this mentality does not find credence in sub-Saharan Africa were negotiations to act collectively has often been a mirage. (Falk 1990, P.159). Post-Nuclear Politic:- Understanding the New World Order : The dominant discourse after the two great wars in political life has been how to fashion out a universal body to govern the world as a whole. The defining political challenge was to establish a world order based on sustainable democratic principles. A consciousness that was pioneered by the Western states after the lesson learnt from `hard geopolitics` was to build a world order bases on collective action. Therefore the concept of globalization and the use of `soft geopolitics` sets an agenda to restructure the world without necessarily going through the face of transformation that occurred in Europe.(Mann 1997,p.493). Consequently, threats ranging from rising nuclear tension in states like Pakistan and India and separatist agitations in other countries around the world continue to slap down reluctant militarist nations in global affairs. Globalization however offers a plausible platform to contain potential danger through global geopolitical order. In this regards, the United Nations represent a marginal player in global security concern. Even though its more often accused of failing, the evident bearing has shifted towards regionalism. The approach to build a global governance structure through regionalism has yielded positive results. With an experience from the European Union, security issues are now articulated within regions shaped by the UN charter . At least it is apparent that regional institution remains feasible potential network towards the emergence of positive globalism. In refuting the impact of global governance over the nation state, Max Weber maintains that the monopoly of territory remains a distinctive feature which only the modern state possesses (1968, p.56). This means that the prevailing role of governance is exclusive to nation states, therefore the choice to engage in the society of states or international relations is not forceful but dependent on the willingness do so. Since nation states develop into self-sufficient entities acting on their own will (Bull 1977). Globalization and Governance: According to the Keynesian welfare state which calls for powerful government involvement in economic planning and social welfare, the developed economies of the world embraced the Keynesian model since the end of WW II until the 1970`s. This system thrived as it became an effective management tool that strengthened the network between states in relation to the market. However the economic crisis at the end of the 1970`s informed by the oil strike of Arab and the resultant economic downturn, paved way for rapid economic liberalization and fiscal control. The wave of globalization has coerced national governments to reshape their functions towards a vast catalyst role of consensus building and mediation as against been the provider (UN, 2001, World Public Sector: 21). Hence, the liberal economic consciousness revamped the role of central governments in interfering with their national economy to mere regulatory roles, bases on neo liberal ideas. It is fascinating to discover that the adoption of new watchdog role as offered by open economic market principles in the United Kingdom witness speedy economic recovery than the socialist economic model of France at that time (Sorensen 2004: 33). The authorities that states exercise in managing economic activities became private regulated by non-state actors in the global political economy. Nonetheless, a complex network does exist between the state and the market in addressing governance issues. For instance, the Global Reporting Initiative (GLI) which is saddled with the responsibility of measuring the private actors impact comprises of NGO`S, MNC`S, the government and professional bodies. On the other hand also economic and political networks at the regional level have emerged viz :- ASEAN, NAFTA, EU and the AU all comprised of nations states showing awareness and wiliness tackling the prevailing demands of globalization. It is safe to state that globalization has transformed state structure and national government in coming to terms with the dynamics that the era presents. New partnerships between public and private sector have been on the rise and this has led government to be more accountable and productive. The Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) programs established in Mexico and Brazil have been adopted by many other states in the United States, e.g. The New York Citys Opportunity NYC (World Bank Seminar 2007). Conclusion:- The culmination of factors necessitated by the wave of globalization has provoked many thoughts concerning the future of the state. Indeed numerous revelations emanating from the literates suggest that the nations state has lost its role, some other thoughts argue the state still retain its character. It is against this background that I delve into the discursive debate. It has become clear to me that the impact of globalization is multi dimensional. Consequently the triumph of globalism over nationalism remains an ironic claim if not dubious; this is so because at every point of convergence the state remains an unsurpassed political actor for global engagements. While I do not affirm to be statist in my disposition or ascribe to the borderless world thesis, I correspond from my finding, that states are responding to the dynamics of global pressure and that the market is still subject to state control to some extent. In sum, the world has become anarchical with the technological advancement of our age, much as economic globalization has made the world replete with global product. Therefore the structure of global governance rests upon an engaging society of state rather than an imaginary global society. Hence impartial proposals, trade-offs and negotiations will help erect a true international society.

John Clare and the Ubiquitous Editor Essay -- Clare Poet Poem Poetic E

John Clare and the Ubiquitous Editor Editors have always played an important and powerful role in the works of John Clare, from Clare’s own time until the present. An Invite to Eternity presents a model of that relationship between text and editor in microcosm, from its composition inside the walls of a mental institution to its transcription by an asylum attendant, to its early publication and its modern re-presentation today. Written in the 1840s, no extant manuscript of the poem exists in Clare’s own hand and each version of the poem is inflected by its editor in different but always significant ways. In recent years, this is reflected in the sole copyright control over Clare’s work exercised by his most prominent editor, whose own interpretation of Clare governs the way the poet and his poems are presented to a modern audience. The publication history of all of John Clare’s work is, in the end, a history about editorial control and influence. Even An Invite to Eternity, written within the confines of a mental institution seemingly distant from the literary world, is not an exception to this rule, for it and Clare’s other asylum poems do not escape the power and problem of the editor. And, further, this problem of the editor is not one confined to the past, to the actions of Clare’s original publisher John Taylor or to W.F. Knight, the asylum house steward who transcribed the poetry Clare wrote during his 20 odd years of confinement. In fact, debates continue and rankle over the role of the editor in re-presenting Clare’s work to a modern audience: should the modern editor present the unadulterated, raw Clare manuscript or a cleaned up, standardized version as Taylor did? Only exacerbating and exaggerating this problem o... ... (29)Haughton. (30)Hugh Haughton and Adam Phillips, â€Å"Introduction: Relocating John Clare,† John Clare in Context. Ed. Hugh Haughton, Adam Phillips, Geoffrey Summerfield. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994) 19. (31)Haughton and Phillips, 19; see Robinson, xii. (32)Robinson, xii. (33)See The John Clare Page for a bibliography of news and journal articles concerning the controversy. (34)Robert Mendick, ‘Poets Protest as US Scholar Corners Clare’, Independent on Sunday, 16 July 2000. Online. (35)John Goodridge, â€Å"Poor Clare,† The Guardian, July 22, 2000. Online. (36)Goodridge; The John Clare Page. (37)‘John Clare’s Copyright’ (letter), Times Literary Supplement, July 14 2000, p. 15. (38)See Times Higher Education Supplement (39)See the Robinson version of the poem and the Grigson version, an example of the â€Å"standardized† Clare.

International financial market

International Financial Markets and Institutions Practice Test Paper Trimester One 2013 (15 Macs for practice) The actual test consists of 40 Multiple Choice Questions (You have one hour and 10 minutes to complete the actual test). 1. Financial markets and Institutions affect the profits of businesses. Affect the types of goods and services produced In an economy. C. Involve the movement of huge quantities of money. D. All of the above. 2. A. B. C. 3. Financial market activities affect pending decisions by individuals and firms. He economy's location in the business cycle. Personal wealth. The bond markets are important because they are markets where Interest rates are determined. They are markets where foreign exchange rates are determined. C. They are easily the most widely followed financial market In the United States. D. All of the above. 4. Typically, Increasing Interest rates encourages corporate borrowing. Discourages individuals from saving. Encourages corporate expansion. 5 . Every financial market performs the following function:It channels funds from lenders-savers to borrowers-spenders. It determines the level of interest rates. It allows loans to be made. It allows common stock to be traded. 6. Financial markets have the basic function of Bringing together people with funds to lend and people who want to borrow funds. Assuring that governments never need to print money. Both A and B above. Both B and C above. 7. Which of the following can be described as involving direct finance? A. A pension fund manager buys commercial paper in the secondary market. B. People buy shares in a mutual fund.An insurance company buys shares of common stock in the over-the-counter markets. None of the above. 8. A country whose financial markets function poorly is likely to experience hardship and financial crises. Enjoy high productivity. Increase its standard of living. Efficiently allocate its capital resources. 9. A bond's future payments are called its maturity val ues. Yields to maturity. Cash flows. Discounted present values. 10. As the price of a bond and the expected return bonds become more attractive to investors and the quantity demanded rises. A. Alls; rises alls;falls rises; falls rises; rises 11. The supply curve for bonds has the usual upward slope, indicating that as the price , criteria Paramus, the increases. Rises; quantity supplied rises; supply falls; quantity supplied falls; supply 2 13. When the price of a bond is above the equilibrium price, there is excess bond market and the price will demand; rise demand; fall supply; rise supply; fall in the How expectations are formed is important because expectations influence A. The demand for assets. Bond prices. The risk structure of interest rates. 14.According to the efficient markets hypothesis, the current price of a financial security is the discounted net present value of future interest payments. B. Is determined by the highest successful bidder. Fully reflects all available relevant information. Is a result of none of the above. 15. When asset prices fall in a boom, moral hazard may increase in companies that have lost net worth in the bust. B. Financial institutions may see the assets on their balance sheets deteriorate, leading to delivering. Both A and B are correct. None of the above are correct. International financial market International Financial Markets and Institutions Practice Test Paper Trimester One 2013 (15 Macs for practice) The actual test consists of 40 Multiple Choice Questions (You have one hour and 10 minutes to complete the actual test). 1. Financial markets and Institutions affect the profits of businesses. Affect the types of goods and services produced In an economy. C. Involve the movement of huge quantities of money. D. All of the above. 2. A. B. C. 3. Financial market activities affect pending decisions by individuals and firms. He economy's location in the business cycle. Personal wealth. The bond markets are important because they are markets where Interest rates are determined. They are markets where foreign exchange rates are determined. C. They are easily the most widely followed financial market In the United States. D. All of the above. 4. Typically, Increasing Interest rates encourages corporate borrowing. Discourages individuals from saving. Encourages corporate expansion. 5 . Every financial market performs the following function:It channels funds from lenders-savers to borrowers-spenders. It determines the level of interest rates. It allows loans to be made. It allows common stock to be traded. 6. Financial markets have the basic function of Bringing together people with funds to lend and people who want to borrow funds. Assuring that governments never need to print money. Both A and B above. Both B and C above. 7. Which of the following can be described as involving direct finance? A. A pension fund manager buys commercial paper in the secondary market. B. People buy shares in a mutual fund.An insurance company buys shares of common stock in the over-the-counter markets. None of the above. 8. A country whose financial markets function poorly is likely to experience hardship and financial crises. Enjoy high productivity. Increase its standard of living. Efficiently allocate its capital resources. 9. A bond's future payments are called its maturity val ues. Yields to maturity. Cash flows. Discounted present values. 10. As the price of a bond and the expected return bonds become more attractive to investors and the quantity demanded rises. A. Alls; rises alls;falls rises; falls rises; rises 11. The supply curve for bonds has the usual upward slope, indicating that as the price , criteria Paramus, the increases. Rises; quantity supplied rises; supply falls; quantity supplied falls; supply 2 13. When the price of a bond is above the equilibrium price, there is excess bond market and the price will demand; rise demand; fall supply; rise supply; fall in the How expectations are formed is important because expectations influence A. The demand for assets. Bond prices. The risk structure of interest rates. 14.According to the efficient markets hypothesis, the current price of a financial security is the discounted net present value of future interest payments. B. Is determined by the highest successful bidder. Fully reflects all available relevant information. Is a result of none of the above. 15. When asset prices fall in a boom, moral hazard may increase in companies that have lost net worth in the bust. B. Financial institutions may see the assets on their balance sheets deteriorate, leading to delivering. Both A and B are correct. None of the above are correct.

How to Write a Research Paper Introduction Paragraph

How to Write a Research Paper Introduction Paragraph How to Write a Research Paper Introduction Paragraph Many students find the writing of an introduction, especially for a demanding paper such as a research paper, to be a very challenging task. If one knows the strategies to use in writing solid introductions, this part of the research paper can be as easy to write as the other sections of the paper. For a research paper, the introduction paragraph is usually a half page in length although it can sometimes be longer depending upon the overall length of the paper and the required background information needed for the introduction. Just like other kinds of papers, the introduction of a research paper begins with statements that present the primary issue being explored and ends by offering the hypothesis or research questions on which the study or research is to be based. The introduction paragraph of a research paper, and indeed of any other kind of academic paper, should always offer a theoretical framework for the research and enable its reader to gain a clear understanding of the purpose for the research. Without a well-written introductory paragraph, it would be very difficult for readers to determine what the paper is about and to follow the presentation of ideas and evidence. Academic papers should never be written like works of fiction. While creative writing may leave the reader guessing what will happen next, academic papers always inform the reader at the beginning what the paper is about so the reader can understand and follow the contents of the paper better. The introduction of the research paper does this by providing a thesis statement on which the reader is to focus while reading the rest of the paper. Many informative articles on writing research papers and essays point out that the introduction paragraph should be the last paragraph to be written. This is a good idea because an introduction needs to provide a concise statement as to what the remainder of the paper covers. With that thought in mind, if someone is not confident in writing introduction paragraphs, then it is best to write the rest of the paper first and then finish up by writing the introduction paragraph. Doing so makes it easier to list the main points to be addressed in the bo dy of the paper. In addition, writing an outline can greatly aid one in developing a good introductory paragraph. Once one has created an outline, one can use the information from the outline to generate the contents of the introductory paragraph since the outline already lists the main points to be addressed in the paper. In summary, it is always recommended that when writing the introduction paragraph, one should begin with a few sentences that introduce the topic of the research paper to the reader. One does not provide extensive information about the topic because this will be the role of the body of the paper. Furthermore, one should strive to make the sentences in the introduction paragraph as interesting as possible. These first sentences should provide the reader with thought-provoking ideas to consider, pulling the reader into the rest of the paper. Finally, the introduction should present the hypothesis or the research questions to be explored through research and presented in the paper. You can get professional research paper help at company. We hire academic experts to provide students with custom research papers of the finest quality.

The Meanings and Origins of Common Greetings and Pleasantries

The Meanings and Origins of Common Greetings and Pleasantries The Meanings and Origins of Common Greetings and Pleasantries The Meanings and Origins of Common Greetings and Pleasantries By Mark Nichol Greetings and pleasantries, often uttered without sincerity or conviction as rote statements, are often also used without appreciation of their literal meanings. Here are the connotations and derivations of common comments. Adieu This French term, uttered by someone taking leave of others, is sometimes used by English speakers; it’s a contraction of â€Å"A dieu vous commant† (meaning â€Å"I commend you to God†). Adios The Spanish equivalent of â€Å"adieu† is also employed in English. Farewell This short version of â€Å"I hope you fare well† (fare here means â€Å"do†) was originally said as a parting comment to a person leaving the company of one or more other people; the departing person would traditionally respond â€Å"Good-bye.† Now, it is sometimes used in distinction with â€Å"Good-bye,† which has a connotation of finality, whereas â€Å"Farewell† implies that the parties will meet again. Good Day and Good Night These abbreviated versions of â€Å"I wish you a good day/night† are almost invariably said when a person parts company with one or more others. Good Morning, Good Afternoon, and Good Evening Unlike â€Å"Good day† and â€Å"Good night,† these expressions are usually uttered as greetings at the appropriate time of day or night, though they are sometimes said in parting. Good-bye This comment, given when one party or another departs, is a contraction of â€Å"God be with ye†; it’s often spelled goodbye. Greetings The root word of this outdated but occasionally employed comment, an abbreviation of â€Å"I give you greetings,† originally meant â€Å"to come in contact with.† Hello The greeting hello likely derives from the Old High German call hala (also hola), meaning â€Å"fetch,† which was originally used to hail the operator of a ferryboat and expanded as general usage for getting someone’s attention and then as a greeting. A great variety of spellings, probably as a result of various pronunciations, persisted well into the twentieth century. Hello became more popular toward the end of the 1800s as it prevailed as the dominant form of greeting when calling someone on a telephone. Holler (meaning â€Å"a shout†), and possibly hullabaloo (meaning â€Å"a commotion†), are related. Hi â€Å"Hi,† used as an informal alternative to â€Å"Hello,† is unrelated to that word, though it also derives from a word used to attract attention: hey. It originally was uttered as an exclamation of surprise. How Do You Do? This pleasantry, often responded to with an identical greeting but sometimes returned with something like, â€Å"I am well. And how are you?† is nearly obsolete but survives in the contraction â€Å"Howdy,† which is used without affectation in some regions of the United States, though some people use it as a self-conscious colloquialism. Thank You This pleasantry, short for â€Å"I thank you† but still considered formal, is often replaced by â€Å"Thanks,† which derives from a different comment, â€Å"I give you thanks.† The colloquial â€Å"Thanks a lot† is often uttered sarcastically, so it should be avoided in writing; the same is true of â€Å"Thanks a million.† An even more casual alternative is â€Å"Thanx.† (Thank, by the way, is cognate with think.) Welcome The two parts of this greeting are misleading in their apparent etymological origins: The first half does not have anything to do with well, and the second half is only tangentially related to come. The first part of the Old English word wilcuma means â€Å"will† and the second part means â€Å"guest,† not â€Å"come†; the sentiment is that it was a host’s will that a guest would arrive. You’re Welcome This response to â€Å"Thank you† and its variants, a slight contraction of â€Å"You are welcome,† literally means that one should feel entitled to whatever cordiality or service one has received from the person who gives the response. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Rhetorical Devices for Rational Writing50 Synonyms for "Assistant"5 Tips to Understand Hyphenated Words

Pricing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Pricing - Research Paper Example Ideally, skimming refers to setting high prices based on the value of the product (Holden and Burton 51). The features of the new washing machine are likely to excite the customers, creating no need for the company to opt for a discounted pricing strategy. The financial value of the product is strength to the organization. The new washing machines is built on new technology that requires very little water and energy to clean clothes. Therefore, customers are unlikely to put cost into consideration and instead consider the functionality of the washing machine. According to Holden and Burton (51), most customers buy a product due to the service they receive from the product, and not on price. In fact, very few customers choose to buy a product due to pricing, leaving the biggest customer base on the service side. Low pricing could make the customers perceive the washing machine as inferior. A low price intended to attract more sales might lead to decrease in sales in the later days, as customers’ debate on the standards of the product. Cheap products are considered to be of substandard quality while highly priced products are considered to be of high quality. ... A machine using little water and energy to clean is likely to be exactly what the market needs presently. An evaluation of various cost benefits the machine is likely to bring to homesteads is enticing enough for a person to be lured to purchase the machine. Imagine a machine that uses much less energy and even much less water to do the same amount of washing just like an ordinary washing machine? Is that not exciting good news? Out of all possible considerations, my price would not be based on either competition or willingness to buy by the customers. Penetration strategy is the war of prices where companies slash their prices with huge margins as they compete to retain their market share amidst overwhelming competition. Penetration strategy mostly applies to the period of growth where customers have understood the product while competition is still high (Holden and Burton 52). The product at this period still enjoys customer loyalty due to tested and experience with use. However, i n other cycles of a product such as maturity stage, penetration strategy is likely to fail and thus prevent the company from realizing all the intended profits. Understanding the type of market the company is operating in is important in setting the right prices. For an emerging market, the product is still new and customers are still willing to use the product. The company is rolling out this product to an emerging market, where customers are most likely to buy the product regardless of the price. When making my decision regarding the price for the machine, information such as customers’ trust to Whirlpool’s products will be helpful. Trust means that people already know

Architectural Design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Architectural Design - Essay Example His designs, are Based on a predilection towards a polemical flow of opposition, interaction, and redefinition. The grid was the organizing principle of Eisenman's earlier work, a series of rectilinear box-like houses in which he investigated and articulated a variety of theoretical ideas, including the notion of deep structure, a proposition that there is a universal, underlying ordering device that is the natural and logical generator of a design. His theories on architecture pursue the emancipation and autonomy of the discipline and his work represents a continued attempt to liberate form from all meaning, a struggle that is at times difficult to understand. Eisenman focuses on liberating architectural form. The House II is a single family house with a flat roof and a having a form of a cube. House II of 10 numbered houses, designed for the family of Princeton professor Richard Falk, was constructed between 1960-1970 in Hardwick, Connecticut as the second house in a series of structures conceived on the basis of a square plan. For this house, Eisenman began to investigate a set of abstract formal propositions as a possible condition of an underlying structure and their initial transformations into a specific environment. Using all rectangular elements, a series of lines, planes, and volumes converge to create a complex spatial arrangement, resulting into a design proposal that exemplifies high amount of rectangularity. The term 'cardboard architecture' in relation to House II Around 1968, Peter Eisenman limited himself to a set of abstract formal propositions as a possible condition of an underlying structure and their initial transformation into a specific environment for the design of House II. The formal propositions are the line, the plane, and the volume. Whilst Eisenman uses a compositional diagonal, all the construction elements are rectangular. The house displays evocative, ambiguous and strongly formal language. Furthermore, the primarily orthogonal and rectangular language of the houses, suggest a welcome degree of complexity achieved through simple means. The house shows a simple geometry that extrudes the square to form a cube or rectangular box. The geometry of the house is made up of its stark horizontals and verticals and large expanses of glass. Every addition to the house after this will be inside this cube or box so that the form will always be the exterior skin of the house, decomposed or not. With the addition of an equal number of planes vertically and horizontally the house splits into sections. With the further addition of interior walls, varying in size, but with a distinct pattern and with the crossing of those planes with perpendicular planes to form a grid. Add a square grid of structural columns. Decompose the existing grid work and columns to form rooms with the addition of the interior walls, floors, and roofs. Punch out forms from exterior walls to make windows and punch out similar forms from interior and exterior walls to make doorways.This describes the simple design process followed by the designer which impart s the building a simple geometry which is made up of planes and lines converging at different points to form different geometries which essentially resemble the functions of a cardboard; not structurally but visibly. The works of these series of houses are hence

Picasso's Works at Metropolitan Museum of Art Essay

Picasso's Works at Metropolitan Museum of Art - Essay Example The essay "Picasso's Works at Metropolitan Museum of Art" explores the famous museum and analyze Pablo Picasso's artworks. Spanish-born artist Pablo Picasso is One of the undisputed masters of modern art. His initial Blue Period of 1901-04 is marked by the monochromatic focus on that particular color and subject-matters defined by ‘a particular cast of characters: lonely, suffering, poverty-stricken outcasts from society’. This morphed into the brightened tones of the Rose Period lasting two years, which featured the first appearance of circus performers in his paintings. Yet a transitory revolution was on its way, sparked by his association with Braque, whom he met upon moving to Paris. By 1910, Analytical Cubism was erupting, defined by the pictorial deconstruction of an object to produce a conceptual (as oppose to perceptual) image of an object. After two more years came Synthetic Cubism, with its revolutionary collages. After World War I Picasso broke with Braque and began moving towards Surrealism. The significance of this cannot be underestimated, as ‘the Surrealist movement moved Picasso in a direction including new imagery and vocabulary for emotional expression, and he incorporate violence, psychic fears, and eroticism in his works’. This is the period of the painting hung before me at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1934’s Girl Reading at a Table. Color is my first impression—the warmth of the red, orange and yellow against a black background with hints of blue and green. A woman with white skin and hair and an elaborate green garland around her head is reading at a tall and simple table. One feather-esque hand touches her face while the other secures the book that so thoroughly captures her attention. Her fair skin features slight echoes of pink on her cheeks and neck, and her head is at such an angle that her pale hair falls before her eyes. Also on the desk is an amorphic yellow lamp and a tall and curving po tted plant in a brown container rises from the ground. This still thriving plant and the wreath adorning her hair bring a form of nature inside this space. Although the contents of the room are compressed within the frame of the painting, there is no awkwardness in the composition. The straight table legs are wonderfully offset by the gorgeously flowing lines of the red and orange dress as well as the plant and the yellow light flowing from the small lamp that brightens the dark night scene. Yet there is something young about this woman at the oversized reading table, and that is

Prejudices in Workplace Essay Example for Free

Prejudices in Workplace Essay Part I Select three of the identity categories below and name or describe at least 3 related stereotypes for each: †¢ Race †¢ Ethnicity †¢ Religion †¢ Gender †¢ Sexual orientation †¢ Age †¢ Disability |Category |Stereotype 1 |Stereotype 2 |Stereotype 3 | |Race | People say black people are lazy. |People say white people are smart |People say Jews are cheap but | | | |and blonds are dumb. |rich. | |Religion |Wiccan Pentacle Study, worship the|Gothic people are very weird and |Muslims are terrorist and women | | |devil. |violent.|are beneath them. | |Sexual Orientation |When someone see a feminine man |When someone sees masculine women |People say homosexuality is wrong | | |and call him gay. |she is a lesbian. |and immoral. | Part II Answer each question in 50 to 100 words related to those stereotypes. Provide citations for all the sources you use. What are the positive aspects of stereotypes, if any? The aspects of positive stereotypes can be positive if a person know the difference and have the knowledge to understand what a person may be stating. If we prefer to someone as a â€Å"jock† we are acknowledging that this person is into sports. A person that is known to be preferred to by â€Å"Gothic† or â€Å"Punk† is because of the type of music they listen to and the type of clothing they wear. Usually no one is offended by this because it is factual and evident and these are positive aspects of stereotypes. What are the negative aspects of stereotypes? The negative aspects of stereotypes are the lack of understanding, the ignorance, and the labeling of someone to hurt their feelings as an individual or a group of people. A person may see a female with a short hair cut like a man and call them a dike without getting to know who that person is and assuming that this is what they are. Part III Answer each question in 50 to 150 words related to those stereotypes. Provide citations for all the sources you use. Define stereotypes and prejudice. What is the difference between stereotyping and prejudice? Use examples to illustrate the differences. Stereotype is something conforming to a fixed or general pattern, a standardized mental picture that is held in common by members of a group and that represents an oversimplified opinions, prejudiced attitude, or uncritical judgment. Prejudice is prejudgment and negative attitude based on sex, race, age, sexual orientation, nationality, socioeconomic status, and religion towards an individual or group of people. The difference between stereotype and prejudice is that stereotype is standardized beliefs about people based on some prior assumptions. Prejudice is a type of judgment or assumption about somebody before having sufficient knowledge to judge with accuracy. Example of stereotype is all policemen eat donuts. Example of prejudice is an organization that hires more males and reject females are known to be prejudice. What is the relationship between stereotyping and prejudice? The relationship between stereotyping and prejudice is that stereotyping promotes prejudice and that prejudice reduction depends on stereotype change. Prejudice also influences the extent of stereotyping. The important theoretical tradition posits that this effect emerges because prejudice encourages the use of stereotypes as a means to justify societal inequality (e.g. , Allport, 1954; Katz Braly, 1933; Lippmann, 1922). What can be done to prevent prejudice from occurring? Intolerance stems from ignorance and arrogance this go hand in hand and people need to understand and have the knowledge not to pre-judge people. In order to prevent prejudice from occurring we need to begin now with the way we are raising our children and teach them not to be judgmental and preconceive people before we get to know someone. Teach them not to assume to not like someone because of the color of their skin or where they come from. People are people no matter what they may look like, getting to know a person is very important and not to judge a book by its cover. Have rallies of all race and culture so people can have a better understanding of others. It starts at home teach your children a better way so that they will understand life in a better perspective. Reference: Voices. yahoo. com/stereotyping, Psychology. about. com, www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary, azam. org.

Sub Contracting And Partnering And Framework Agreements Construction Essay

Sub Contracting And Partnering And Framework Agreements Construction Essay This course work talks about the subject of sub-contracting, partnering and framework agreements. It further proceeds to evaluate the benefits and disbenefits and assesses the consequences of a possible return to the more traditional model of contracting and sub-contracting within the industry. The work consists of introduction, case studies review, evaluation and conclusion. Partnering can be referred to many different relationships such as single project partnering; multi project, strategic partnering between a contractor and client; the use of a contractor of the same partnering process over many projects as a key building block in total quality management and contractor-employee partnering in the pursuit of safety goals (Kneeland, 1996). The concepts of partnering are, Partnering is a simple way of avoiding disputes; A dispute in this context refers to existing unsolved problems; Partnering involves proactive step to address project problems (Murphy, et al,. 1996). Individual buildings now have to meet more complex and subtle requirements which in turn demand the use of specialist sub-contractors, as the main contractor cannot and would not hope to carry all the works involved (Rietveld, 2004). Contracting firms exist in many different shapes and forms. It is possible to discriminate between contracting firms in terms of their size as well as by the nature of their business. They range from the very small to the very large. Whatever the size of the individual firm it will fall into one of the following categories: general building; specialist trade; specialist maintenance; building and civil engineering, and civil engineering (Headley and Griffith, 1997). In 1988 standard method of measurement for construction cited about 300 work sections, which reflect massive increase in the use of specialist sub-contractors in present construction projects (Rietveld, 2004). The prime aim of integrating the construction teams as suggests in the Reports of Eg an (1998) and Latham (1994) are to convert unnecessary costs into lower price for the clients and create higher assured profits for the materials and service suppliers (Cain, 2003). Long-term of design, production and supply-side partnerships are essential to the introduction of the supply chain management tools and techniques demanded by the Egan Report. The elimination of waste in the utilization of labour and materials as prescribed by the Latham report, 1994 (Cain, 2003). CASE STUDY REVIEW In a project environment, production and services meet. The location of the role of the project actors and the way in which they are linked are fundamental features for project management system beginning with application of organizational structure and delegation of duties, through some of the more sophisticated analysis and decision-making (Pryke, et al., 2006). The construction industry in UK has being accused for its wasteful, inefficiency, and ineffective execution of projects to meet clients objectives and needs, and how it differ from manufacturing industry. The concerns normally focused on areas regarding profit margin, its clients satisfaction and disintegration of the construction teams and procurement process (Anumba, 2000). Latham report (1994) identifies that low productivity, poor value for money and unsatisfaction of the clients objectives are elements of uniqueness, immobility, and variety causes of fragmentation in the construction industry when compared to manufacturing industries. Comparing the construction industry to other sectors, construction is unsophisticated in its approach to the supply chain. It can learn from the experiences of manufacturing industry, where there are standardization and efficiency to meet the customers demands (Egan, 1998). The need for UK construction companies to become more efficient is to follow the recommended management systems in Egan (1998) and Latham (1994) Reports to become more efficient and to improve productivity. The construction industry must be innovative and respond to change and new challenges before it can have potential improvement in aspects of the construction and design processes (Pryke, 2009). Sub-contracting in its own nature encourages fragmentation (Cox and Townsend, 1998). The uncertainty of the main contractor obtaining continuous work with the need to accommodate the different features and requirements of each project brings separation of the teams. Egan (1998) and Latham (1994) recommend reformation of the construction industry through partnering, when they observe there is disintegration between design and production process. In 1922, the first Standard Method of Measurement (SMM) specified only 16 trades in the text, but in 1988, the seventh edition of SMM (SMM7) included 300 different trades which reflect massive increase in the use of specialist sub-contractors in the present construction projects. This movement in the UK reflects many socio -technical economic movement within the industry (Rietvelde, 2004). Advancement in technology and introduction of sophisticated new materials in the supply organizations, method of production and erection sometimes, require new skills and expertise, hence the evolution of sub-contractors to offer these services to the main contractor (March,2009). In supply chain strategy, what to be sub-contracted and what should be done in-house need to be addressed properly. Activities that should be sub-contracted must be those which are not strategic important of the company and it cannot carry it out better than its competitors and is not anticipated that in the future it will improve its importance (March, 2009). A framework is a general term use for agreements that set out terms and conditions for making specific purchases (Edkins, et al., 2009). Framework Agreement has been design for use in both public and private sectors. It is beneficial to construction procurement system in achieving reduction in transaction costs; long-term relationship improvement; better value and greater wealth and risk solutions. It is the principle of applying Rethinking Construction in developing strategic relationship with the supply chain over a long period (Construction Excellence, 2008). Partnering, framework agreement and supply chain management are potential form of integrating the construction team to improve productivity reduce costs and meet a target time; create value for money and satisfy the clients objectives (Pryke, 2009). Supply chain management involves all parties which will contribute to the execution of a project from raw materials and component suppliers, design and client teams, and service providers, right from inception to commission stages (Cox and Townsend, 1998). Partnering in BAA, T5 project, contractors and suppliers worked closely in an integrated team. The benefits of the approach include the necessity to maintain one set of system record and joint quality control system; improved working condition for workers and higher level of safety on site and it encouraged innovation (Pryke, 2009). The Framework program to partner with suppliers provided them opportunity to learn and they included incentive performance targets which challenged them to make continuous supplies for every year during the five years period of the project. In 1998 BAA recruited Tony Douglas as the group supply chain director when BAA had 26000 suppliers with 23 different processes and 17 different systems for managing the transaction, 24 different architects, 23 costs consultants, and more than 70 external project managers and 340 suppliers (Potts, et al., 2009). In 2002, BAA developed second generation of framework Agreement and achieved more accurate project costs and implemented best practices and worked with suppliers in longer-term relationship which did not exist in UK construction industry during the past decades (Brady, el at., 2006). Lean Thinking by Womack Jones (1996), compared the performance of automobile manufacturing companies, those who were operating under traditional method with those who resolved to the then lean production system. The finding was that Japanese Toyota plant was twice productive and three times as accurate as the US General Motors plant by adopting Just In Time (JIT) system of supply, using 40% less manufacturing space and defects were three times reduced. Because of the success of JIT supplying system carried out by Toyota, which is framework agreement, other manufacturing companies follow their suit. The result demonstrates that JIT is not only about delivering of materials, but also to improve management as a whole (March, 2009). Framework agreement encourages collaboration between all key parties and personnel involved in the program of projects to achieve economic benefits and involve contractors at early stage of the project to develop efficiency of work (McKee, 2005). Initially the agreement may be between the client and the service provider, but the service provider may enter into another framework agreement with other service providers in the supply chain to create web that interwoven the major project participants. it contains provision which determines the rights and responsibilities of all the parties involved in the project. The objectives of framework agreement may not be achieved overnight, but its implementation will improve productivity and integrate the teams in the construction industry (Potts, 2009). The light of integration and collaboration as recommended by Egan Report Rethinking Construction and Latham Constructing the Team is rapidly arising in the construction industry during this mille mium, if maintained may set the industry abreast with manufacturing companies to achieve standard and quality of work (McKee, 2005). BAA is the leading implementer of Egans report (1998) and Latham (1994). BAA reduced costs by 10%, defects by 20% and cutting accidents on site by 20%. Construction time prediction rose to 20% through lean construction in T5 project (BAA, Capital Projects). Through contribution of collaboration and integration of all participating teams in partnering, BAA was able to achieve the Health and Safety Award in 2001 (Pryke, 2006). Perth and Melbourne airports applied the supply chain strategy and linked with UKs supply chain team which corresponds with BAAs primary product categories, and were successful to complete within time and budget ( Lee Richard, al et.2002). Charter Institute of Purchasing and Supply, have identified how BAA used professional purchasing team from seven different purchasing departments. 27 different purchasing processes,11 different accountancy systems and more than 12,000 suppliers which projected BAA to win Kellys Award for excellence in purchasing and supply service. The development, the design and the engineering teams in AMA have recognized the importance of partnering and intended to work together to identify the business needs and focus on solution and developed them and have balance in costs, time and quality of work when they undertake a project (Construction Excellence, 2004). BAA executed the extension of the North Terminal (NT) project successfully on schedule through teamwork and management was flexible with the responsible participants. Partnering and framework agreement was the process which made it possible for the company to work successfully in such confined environment without obstruction and destruction. It could have faced delay in cladding on the outside of the building which coincided with wettest and windiest period, but, because understanding among the teams, the procurement route was changed easily (Potts, et al., 2009). During the past century, construction was procured through the use of separate contracts for design and production. BAA could have 2 years time overrun and 40% costs overrun if it had adopted the traditional approach of project execution, but completed on scheduled time. The T5 project was a complex which added 50% capacity to Heathrow Airport, commenced in December 2002 and completed in March 2008. Professionals were employed to share ideas, knowledge and information with other colleagues in the other professions (Potts, et al., 2009). The agreement signed by BAA with the suppliers was clear and was based on a cost reimbursable form of contract, profits were ring- fenced and BAA retained the risks. The core value of the agreement are team work, trust and commitment, and the team members were encouraged in order to drive out all unnecessary costs, including claims and litigation which boost productivity level (Douglas, 2005). BAA learned from historical events of construction projects, such as British library; upgrading of the West Coast Railway Line; London Underground Jubilee Line extension; the Scottish Parliament building and the new Wembley Stadium, and was armed against the mistakes and difficulties they encountered (Potts, et al., 2009). Slough Estates experimented supply chain management process through executing contracts in 1980s and early 1990s when building designs were becoming sophisticated and new materials and new technology were introduced. Skills from architects and specialist contractors and project management teams were required from outside. New era began when the in-house construction teams were retained to carry out the works, and the caliber of the team was improved in which the company won BCO Award for its work through partnering and frame work agreement which constitute the supply change management (Pryke, 2009). The company experiment all the procurement methods including Traditional, Management Contracting and Construction Management methods which are discussed later. However the overall result was unsatisfactory, because overspending for rectification of unacceptable level of defects developing from its projects was high (Potts, et al., 2009). In 1983, the British Property Federation produced its own procurement system to pioneer reformation in the construction industry through introduction of project management profession and consultants were perceived by majority in construction industry as over- bureaucratic and failed to embrace the industry in collaboration manner ( ). Slough Estates Company failed when it first introduced the supply chain management in 1980s and early 1990s. There was no link between specialist contractors and architects or with the consulting engineers. There was no relationship between the parties except the legal binding instruction as provided for as architects instructions (Rimmer, et al., 2009). The company observed that there is no upstream relationship between the contractors and the client during design stage, the client brief the architects and engineers about what he wants and they convert the information into drawings and specifications and transfer them to the contractor. The projects were won on competitive basis without any prior idea or negotiation, the lowest bid was selected. The contractors have no meaningful upstream relationship with the client to work with their downstream relationships with production and service suppliers and it could not allow in-house to continue (Rimmer, et al., 2009). Supply chain manag ement can be improved if clients are willing to negotiate with the contractors and specialists at the early stage (design stage) of the project. All parties in the supply chain should be consulted during the design and decision making stages. Pryke Stephen, (2009) therefore concluded that UK traditional form of procurement is a weak platform from which to add value and reduce cost through supply chain management. Slough Estates observed that Management Contracting (MC) is similar to traditional method but the management contractor has better opportunity to influence upstream relationship with the clients, particularly at the design stage but has no financial interest in the payment of the contractors. His duty is only to concentrate on programming and planning of the project, and defining the role of each player in the construction teams. It encountered a lot of problems when it experimented MC, and shifted to Construction Management (CM), though it is better than MC, the company did not have constant flow of large projects to maintain the recruitment of large in-house management team. CM was better because it allows early involvement of the package contractors and created an opportunity for all parties to take the initiative to involve their own supply chain in the process (Pryke,2009). The strongest platform from which supply chain management can develop is the Design and Build form of procurement where the contractor has relationship with both upstream and downstream parties and in position to add value to work and reduce costs (reference). Contractors are brought on at the initial stage of the project and can deliberate with the architects, engineers and quantity surveyors for a potential framework agreement and partnering (Pryke, 2009). Supply chain Private Finance Initiative is structured to remove any hindrance that will prevent effective relationship among the participating parties. The contractors have full control over finance and design and facilities management expertise within their own teams. There is continuous and systematic improvement and effective partnering arrangement when contractors are able to work on series of similar projects. Construction industry is now matching with the manufacturing industry in terms of supply chain management. Design an d build and PFI have placed construction industry in a position where it can perform better and unnecessary cost of wastes in rectification is reduced (Pryke, 2009). Research conducted on 300 projects by University of Reading discovered that Design and Build projects delivers better quality of work than Traditional method when the projects are complicated and involves high technology (Bennett, Pothcary and Robinson, 1996). During the innovation of Egan (1994) and Latham (1998) reports, Building Research Establishment (BRE) launched a productivity sampling for construction sites (CALIBRE), Slough Estates employed their services to assess two of its sites, and the result showed that collaboration and better construction methods produced about 55% of value producing hours which was low and the cause was from errors in designs, replacement and repetition of work, defects rectification and delays in supply of materials. Slough Estates has found that implementation of changes required information and knowledge sharing across the supply chain (Pryke ,2009). Construction industry is now realizing the necessity to changes the current working practices and attitudes (Pearson, 1999). Organizations such as Ministry of Defense and Tesco , together with BAA, Balfour and Tarmac have developed supply chain management techniques to improve their supply base which has being practiced by other organizations (manufacturing) long time ago and increasingly improve their competitiveness global market. The supply chain management in manufacturing industry involves all the activities associated with the processing from raw materials to the completion of the finished product for the client customer. Construction industry defers from manufacturing industry by lack of standardization, because it does not consists of stable group of interacting partners to deliberate on improving product quality and efficiency of production (Pryke, 2009). The impact of supply chain on construction sites activities is to reduce the cost and the duration of the activities to b udget and time constraint, through establishing a reliable flow of materials and labour on sites. The application of supply chain management in the construction industry requires serious effort , which entails developing upstream integration in the design and production process and operation to link the process into a chain that would increase the opportunity to add value and reduce total cost. With conventional procurement, which is used in both public and private sectors, the majority of the risk is apportioned to the client. The public sector project team is encouraged to produce a project for the cheapest possible initial cost without regard for the long-term maintenance or running cost (Cartlidge, 2006). The report of Mott MacDonald (2002) states that the public sector procurement managers have been over optimistic and naà ¯ve in their estimates of cost and time of large and complex construction projects. This pattern of inefficiency brings the rationale of introduction of alt ernative form of procurement, with less risk for the public sector (Cartlidge, 2006). This harnesses the private sector expertise such as Public Private Partnership. Private sector organization performances are viewed as more efficient than sector organizations. They are more discipline by market force and competition (Cartlidge, 2006). As common as it is to most large public sector providers the National Health Service (NHS) has suffered from the usual problems of late delivery and cost overruns. One of the main challenges to NHS capital procurement is disintegration of the NHS client base for specific healthcare schemes. Several health trusts have responsibility for the delivery of the schemes with differing level of expertise and experience in capital procurement. The solution to the problem is the departure from the traditional NHS procurement method to a procurement known as NHS ProCure21, which is framework agreement with its materials and services suppliers (Cartlidge, 2006). EVALUATION Evaluation of benefits and disbenefits partnership and traditional model of contracting is carried in terms of time and costs saving, quality control, health and safety on sites, value for money and risk management. BAA T5 project could have two years overrun and 40% costs overrun if traditional approach was followed (Keith, et al., 2009). 10 30% cost was saved to BAA on the budget for mechanical and electrical materials and equipment. The Buy Club was early engaged in design stage which promoted lean manufacturing and installation (Keith, et al., 2009). Early agreement on benchmark prototypes with an open book approach reveal issues before they become problems. Collaborative agreement avoids waste of resources (Standing, 2001). Culture has an impact on supply chain manage. The limiting issues are: clash of cultures; lack of trust; lack of coordination between teams; differing procedures and attitudes, and relational risk associated with self-interest focus (Elmuthi, 2001). Partnering has works for the entire project team in the US Army Corp of Engineering; owners. Contractors and design firms all attest to the benefits. Results have exceeded their expectation over 90% of the time in 100 projects. Schedules were shortened and costs fall. Value engineering opportunities are more likely to be identified and implemented (Davy, et al., 1996). MCI Constructors places a heavy emphasis on efficient project management and on prompt identification and resolution of disputes while attempting to avoid litigation at all cost, state: We found that the most successful way to achieve these goals is to utilize partnering (Mitchell, et al., 1996,.53). in the new handbook on partnering, the American Institute of Architects and the American Consulting Engineers Council note that The benefits are clear: Projects are completed on time, within budget, to high standards, and to the satisfaction of everyone (Davy, et al.,1996, p. 290). Traditional construction is fragmented, w hich is solely defined by organizational boundaries (Pryke, 2002). The management using supply chain approach, improves knowledge for academic and practice, which contributes to the management of projects in construction (Pryke, 2009). Leverage affects the flow of information and knowledge throughout the network of actors who constitute the supply chain. It also has an impact on how risk is been transferred fairly, unlike in the traditional process (Cox, 2001). The potential of supply chain is presented for long-term to develop over time and improve and in so doing provide better business solution for the clients, better project outcome for the stakeholder and higher level of profitability for the supply chain members(Pryke, 2009). The concept of supply chains and their management, helps to assemble groups of suppliers and contractors and manage them in a way that emphasizes on value and cost. The groups collaborate to share information and knowledge. They manage and share risk in a manner that is equitable and transparent (Pryke, 2009). The 1994 Latham Report indicates that the level of unnecessary costs generated from inefficiency of use of labour and materials was around 30% of the initial capital cost. Involvement of the specialist contractors and suppliers in the design from outset, means abandoning all forms of traditional procurement which delay the appointment of the specialist constructors, sub-contractors and manufacturers, until the design is well advanced. The traditional forms of sequential of appointment are replaced with appointment of integrated design and construction supply chain from the inception period (Cain, 2003). Sub-contracting in supply chain management should be revisited, because smaller companies are less likely to offer apprenticeships and who would train for the future. In selecting suppliers and sub-contractor in the supply chain many factors should be considered. The location of the project and its proximity to the supplier. The experience of the sub-contractor working in such environment and if he/she can recruit qualified people living in the area or they may be brought in for the during of the project. Accommodation in close proximity for the imported personnel who would stay on the job for long time ( March, 2009). Many case studies revealed that framework agreement is achieving better value of work year by year during the past decade. Though the process is expensive, it does not re-advertise for applying/bidding and awarding of subsequent contracts, therefore great amount of costs is saved. It is able to establish objectives and targets and monitor performance of project and compare successive projects and transfer lessons from project to project (Constructing Excellence, 2005). Partnering is a management system that is based on collaborative approach to work. It is different style of working when compared to the traditional approach which was formerly common in the construction industry. It achieves greater value for money for the client and higher profit for the companies involved, and improves quality of work and is more predictable for project completion ( Bennett and Jayes, 1998). Some the attributed benefits of partnering are: Improved communication among participating parties; better working environment created; reduction of adversarial relationships; Less litigation; Fewer claims; better control over health and safety issues; Improve decision-making that helps to avoid costly claims and saves time and money (Fryer, 2004). Prime contracting(sub-contracting) has been used effectively for high value complex facility procurement projects for many years. It was selected as the procurement model of construction and maintenance services for the defence estates in the 1997 Strategic Defence Review , when it was decided that a more effective and efficient process was required the billion pounds a that the Ministry of Defence spends on its estates (Fryer, 2004). Benefits acquired by MoD include: Easier fault reporting; continuous improvement and innovation; consistent approach across allestates in England and Wales; greater emphasis on quality control and checking as a direct result of a reduction in bureaucracy (Fryer, 2004) CONCLUSION The involvement of the specialists at design stage enabled BAA to eliminate time overrun and cost overrun (Pryke, 2009). There is no production line in construction, hence the difficulty of transferring of this manufacturing-orientated approach. Nevertheless, all other construction companies have to follow the footsteps of the initiators to improve value for money, meeting time constraints, meet budget and quality and lift the industry in high esteem in terms of investment. Supply chain enhances good relationship among the participating teams through integration (Egan, 1998). Despite the impact of the reports of Egan in 1998 and Latham in 1994 there are traditional barriers to reform is proving unassailable. It is recognized that the clients, especially their internal professional advisors within their procurement groups were refusing to change their traditional, sequential procurement practices (Cain, 2003). The inevitable conclusion of the foregoing is that the construction industry is unlikely to be able to transform itself across the board by using SCM-type technique, unless sufficient private clients are persuaded to provide the leadership such as provide by Slough Estates in the 1990s. furthermore, Government and public sector clients need to keep their nerves and let SCM-friendly process like PFI mature into the world class delivers of projects they are capable of becoming (Pryke, 2009 p. 159). The previous specialized knowledge that are trapped within small specialist sub-contractors and suppliers can now become available to clients and designers in a way that is not previously possible (Bresnen, et al., 2009). From Latham (1994) and Egan (1998) there are indications of problems facing UK construction industry. The problems are fragmentation, adversarial relationships, project uniqueness, separation of design from production and competitive tendering. The use of clusters embedded within a partnered supply chain managing approach is cited as solution to the problem (Gray, (1996). It is an improvement of eliminating waste when specialist sub-contractors are brought in during design stage as it is in supply chain management (Morledge, et al,. 2009). It is suggested that where there is a context in construction, involving routine risk minimization coupled with transaction cost emphasis, and this simply creates a situation where costs are cut to achieve competitive status; value added may also be reduced and continuous improvement is unlikely to flourish (Pryke, 2009). Risk comes to rest in the supply chain at the position where leverage is dominant on the part of transferring out project actor. Edkins et al., 2009) suggested that economic power is not relevant to supply chain members and that the power or leverage exercised is supply chain specific and related to the power of other firms within the supply chain. Construction needs structure that provides collaborative relationship and which will maintain the flexibility demanded by the business environment (Smyth and Pryke, 2008). Supply chain management provides means of managing the players comprising the project coalition without the need to return direct employment and management which has improved unsustainable in the British construction industry of the twentieth century (Latham, 1994). The function of supply chain observes that, network of actors linked by number of sophisticated relational linkages (Pryke, 2006). Communication network is more important to the industry, its firms and its clients in the supply chain than the size of the firm. The distance that information or knowledge must pass to reach the actor wh o would handle such material affects the quality of such material on arrival and attitude of the receiver on arrival (Pryke, 2009). More education and motivation is required to maintain partnering, framework agreement and supply chain in the construction industry. As suggested by the government sponsored committees (Egan,1998 and Latham, 1994) reports, this is only possible way standardization. All construction team should participate in the development of partnering strategy for the project for effective result (Davy, et al., 1995). All stakeholders of a construction project should be committed to partnering. Every stakeholders interest should be considered in creating mutual goals,